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Key Takeaways Herbal Cigarettes are tobacco-free and generally do not contain nicotine, distinguishing them from conventional cigarettes

The GBD study utilized multiple data sources, including vital statistics, national health surveys, disease registries, and other health-related datasets

Zeariya Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China Haijun Zhang Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Haijun Zhang Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China Liqun Zhang School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China Liqun Zhang Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Claire Chenwen Zhong Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abzal Zhumagaliuly Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Hafsa Zia Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan Hafsa Zia Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Ghazal Zoghi Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine Saed H

Average cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 6.8 years, whereas heavy cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 8.8 years

Summary of EtO concentrations from USEPAs Air Quality System Notes: ppb = parts per billion

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