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Shikonin inhibits the proliferation of human breast Cancer cells by reducing Tumor-Derived exosomes

Specifically, through the formation of disulfide bonds between catalytic cysteines, H 2 O 2 inactivates phosphatase and tensin homolog phosphatase (PTEN) and unlocks the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)-dependent recruitment of its downstream kinases, such as protein kinase B (Akt) 16 , or oxidizes the redox protein thioredoxin and thus suppresses its inhibitory effect on the p38MAPK signaling cascade 17

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