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The protein pellet was harvested by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 5 min at 4 C, and the upper phase was removed

Choline-Health Professional Fact Sheet

-lactamase enzymes break down and destroy some commonly used antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, and make these drugs ineffective for treating infections

GSTP1 activity measurement Cells treated with or without 20 mM lactic acid were sonicated on ice and centrifuged

A microplate reader was used to measure the absorbance at 450 nm

Though this method is not typically used to measure cytokine levels as compared to the more common plasma measurements, it can be an important method of measure due to the short half-life of cytokines and their localization in production, thus many studies have utilized this alternate method ( L-GSH supplementation for 3-months resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IFN- in the PBMCs ( Figure 5B ), but not in plasma ( Figure 5A )