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Abbreviations 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal AIF-1: Apoptosis-inducing factor-1 APAF-1: Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 ATP7: Copper-transporting P-type ATPase BBB: Bloodbrain-barrier Casp-1: Caspase-1 CC-3: Cleaved caspase 3 CCL: CC motif chemokine ligand CCR: CC motif chemokine receptor CD: Cluster of differentiation CGT: Ceramide galactosyltransferase CNS: Central nervous system CNPase: 2,3-Cyclic-nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase COX: Cyclooxygenase CP: Choroid plexus Crry: Complement receptor 1-related Gene/Protein y CSF: Colony stimulating factor CSF1R: Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor CTR1: High affinity copper uptake protein 1 CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand CXCR: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor Cyt c: Cytochrome c DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1 EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GLAST: Glutamate aspartate transporter GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 GSH: Glutathione HMG-CoA: -Hydroxy -methylglutaryl-CoA IKK2: Inhibitor kappa B kinase 2 IL: Interleukin INF: Interferon IRF-8: Interferon regulatory factor 8 LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor LPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine LPS: Lipopolysaccharide Lt: Lymphotoxin MAG: Myelin-associated glycoprotein MBP: Myelin basic protein MDA: Malondialdehyde MERTK: MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase MHC: Major histocompatibility complex MLKL: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid MS: Multiple Sclerosis NCOA4: Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B NLRC: NLR Family CARD domain containing NLRP: LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein NMDAR: N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors OPC: Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell OSM: Oncostatin M P75NTR: P75 neurotrophin receptor PAMPs: Pathogen associated molecular patterns PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor PG: Prostaglandins PGE2-EP2: PG E2 receptor 2 subtype PPMS: Primary-progressive MS PrPC: Cellular prion protein RAG-1: Recombination activation gene-1 RIPK: Receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase ROS: Reactive oxygen species RRMS: Relapsingremitting MS sCrry: Soluble Crry SPMS: Secondary-progressive MS Sxc-: Cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc TLR: Toll-like receptor TMEV: Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus TNF: Tumor necrosis factor TNFR: TNF receptor TREM: Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells TrkB: Tropomyosin receptor kinase B VgluT: Vesicular glutamate transporter ZBP: Z-DNA binding protein References Snaidero N, Simons M

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Mast cells, which are abundant in the developing brain and highly responsive to bacterial antigens, likely contribute to the abrupt neuroimmune activation in these children

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References to healing or recovery in the literature describe outcomes measured in controlled experimental models, not clinical effects