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In some cases, however, blood levels can appear normal even in later stages

Cell 169(1):132-147

Blood 112 , 22142221 (2008)

Neurological and Behavioral Research Research applications investigating central nervous system effects: Neuropharmacology Research: Blood-Brain Barrier Studies: Investigation of peptide CNS penetration and transport mechanisms Receptor Distribution: Research on amylin and GLP-1 receptor localization in brain regions Neuroprotection Studies: Investigation of neuronal protection mechanisms in injury/disease models Neurogenesis Research: Studies on neural progenitor cells and adult neurogenesis Synaptic Function: Investigation of synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission Cognitive Function Research: Learning and Memory: Investigation of spatial learning, working memory, recognition memory Alzheimers Models: Research in APP/PS1, 3xTg, and other AD model systems Neuropathology: Studies on amyloid-beta, tau, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress Behavioral Assessment: Morris water maze, novel object recognition, Y-maze, fear conditioning Mood and Behavior Studies: Anxiety-Like Behavior: Research using elevated plus maze, open field, light-dark box tests Depression-Like Behavior: Studies using forced swim test, tail suspension, sucrose preference Reward and Motivation: Investigation of operant conditioning, progressive ratio, conditioned place preference Experimental models include various transgenic mouse lines, intracerebroventricular administration studies, comprehensive behavioral test batteries, and neuroimaging approaches