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Second, ROS and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), along with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), may activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-, potentially transforming localized metabolic stress into a systemic inflammatory response

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These approaches can reveal the spatial distribution and activity patterns across pathological stages