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Generative AI statement The authors declare that Gen AI was used in the creation of this manuscript

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Mechanistic plausibility exists for tissueprotective and reparative effects through modulation of angiogenesis, NO signaling, and inflammatory pathways, but translation into standardized therapeutic regimens for humans remains to be established by rigorous clinical research

Potential CNS Access : Some research suggests nasal administration may facilitate direct transport to the central nervous system via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, though this remains an area of ongoing investigation [5]

Macrophage activation is central to PNI pathogenesis, transitioning from a proinflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype with distinct functions in inflammation and repair