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Are more fractures detected because surgical patients are more closely followed post-treatment than the conservatively treated cohort

Introduction Definition movement disorder characterized by bradykinesia rigidity postural instability Parkinson-plus syndromes multiple system atrophy dysautonomia orthostatic hypotension urinary retention/incontinence early erectile dysfunction parkinsonism sleep disorders (e.g., REM sleep behavior disorder) ataxia progressive supranuclear palsy parkinsonism verticle eye movement abnormalities corticobasal degeneration (CBD) progressive asymmetric movement disorder apraxia is more suggestive of CBD Associated conditions dementia depression sleep disorders Pathogenesis Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to dopamine depletion in the striatum this creates an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine resulting in improper muscle movement Impaired degradation of -synuclein can lead to degradation of dopaminergic striatal neurons Presentation bradykinesia describes a slowness of movement muscle rigidity noticeable resistance to muscle movement by the examiner postural instability feeling of imbalance and having a tendency to fall a late finding in Parkinson disease secondary to loss of centrally-mediated postural reflexes resting tremor "pill rolling" is characteristic when the hand is resting the tremor improves with action Studies Differential Huntington disease differentiating factor choreiform movements Essential tremor differentiating factor tremor is present with movement not at rest Drug-induced Parkinsonism Treatment Medical indication considered first-line treatment for Parkinson disease other dopamine increasing medications can be used treatment is individualized and a first-line medication is different for different patients Operative deep brain stimulation indication typically reserved for advanced Parkinson disease Complications Dementia Sleep disorders Falls Create a free account or log in to see the cards.