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Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, et al

The long-chain fatty acids that should be burned for energy instead accumulate outside the mitochondria, leading to a state of lipotoxicity and cellular stress

Prolonged oral l-carnitine substitution increases bicycle ergometer performance in patients with severe, ischemically induced cardiac insufficiency

[Physiological functions of carnitine and carnitine transporters in the central nervous system]

Accessed July, 2025

Further experiments using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic-clamp show that a PPARdelta-specific agonist suppresses hepatic glucose output, increases glucose utilization, and inhibits adipocyte free fatty acid release