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In ALD, ethanol metabolism via hepatocyte CYP2E1 generates excess ROS and acetaldehyde, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction [365]

[PubMed] [Tandfonline] Murphy MM, Fernadez-Ballart, JD

Perhaps most important among these are the Toll-like Receptors (TLR) including TLR-2 (348,349), TLR-4 (350), TLR-6 (351), TLR-7 (352), and TLR-9 (352)
Therapy for hypocobalaminemia mainly depends on the underlying disease

A systematic review of molecular approaches that link mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinsons disease

The communication between these two organs is often called the brain-gut axis [74]
